Vaccines, Cognitive Bias, And The Parent Pediatrician...

Alexis Telyczka HUM102 H01 10/05/16 Vaccines, Cognitive Bias, and the Parent-Pediatrician Relationship The articles â€Å"Cognitive Processes and the Decisions of Some Parents to Forego Pertussis Vaccination for Their Children† by J. Meszaros, D. Asch, J. Baron, J. Hershey, H. Kunreuther, and J. Schwartz-Buzaglo; â€Å"Illusion of Control: The Role of Personal Involvement† by Ion Yarritu, Helena Matute, and Miguel A. Vadillo; and â€Å"Responding to Parental Refusals of Immunization of Children† by Douglas S. Diekema help to describe the relationship between non-vaccinating parents and pediatricians, and the cognitive biases that run this relationship. One question addressed in the article â€Å"Cognitive Processes and the Decisions of Some Parents to Forego Pertussis Vaccination for Their Children† is, â€Å"What are the factors leading up to a parent deciding that they will not vaccinate their children?† (Meszaros, Asch, Baron, Hershey, Kunreuther, Schwartz-Buzaglo, 1996) This question is expanded upon further in â€Å"Illusion of Control: The Ro le of Personal Involvement† (Yarritu, Matute, Vadillo, 2014) and â€Å"Responding to Parental Refusals of Immunization of Children.† (Diekema, 2005) The question that connects these three papers, and the question that must be answered, is â€Å"What are the cognitive biases that dictate the likelihood of a parent vaccinating their child, and how can pediatricians be more aware of and attempt to rectify these biases?† One question raised in â€Å"Cognitive Processes and

Selena Quintanilla a Gifted Icon Free Essays

When I was a little girl, I was a big fan of Selena Quintanilla. I had all her music, disks and posters all over my room. My dream was to meet her in person and it came true when I assisted one of her concerts. We will write a custom essay sample on Selena Quintanilla a Gifted Icon or any similar topic only for you Order Now I knew everything about her even though I was 4 years old. She was a role model for me, she was family oriented and she is still today living in my memory. I memorized every song of hers word by word, and I would imitate her dancing all day long. As a little girl I could not understand why someone would have wanted to take her life away when she was a good person. Selena Quintanilla is considered to be one of the most popular and influential Hispanic music icons of all times because of her history, culture, and all the people she influenced with her charisma. Selena Quintanilla in her early years was a girl who had the spirit to believe in a dream, blessed by being born in a musical family. Quintanilla was a Mexican-American singer born in Lake Jackson, Texas, where her musical career began. Her father Abraham Quintanilla was the greatest influence and inspiration in her music career (). Mr. Quintanilla stimulated the musical talents in all his children, teaching them to play instruments and sing in Spanish. Selena Quintanilla made her first performance at the age of 8 in the year of 1980 at her father’s Mexican restaurant (PapaGayo), and recorded her first record at 9(). Through her adolescence years she was mostly on the tour bus â€Å"Big Bertha†. Everything was not a bed of roses, her education was probably the hardest she ha d to accomplished. Her father made her dropped from regular school education permanently when she was in 8th grade. His major concern was to give her the opportunity to concentrate and devote more time to music. Selena Quintanilla in order to perform the music with her family on long trips crossing the states was forced by the nature of the music venture to complete her high school diploma through the American School in Chicago, Illinois by mail(encyclopedia supplement/library vcc)and this was the way she earned her general education diploma(GED) in 1989. She enrolled at Pacific Western University as a correspondence student taking business classes(contemporary/vcc library). Quintanilla had a love life like any other girl. The singer fell deeply in love with guitarist Chris Perez. This relationship led the singer to a very troubled life and finally her family accepted him because they realized he made her happy. The Queen of Tejano music, Selena Quintanilla had multiple talents. Since the age of 8 she was a vivacious entertainer. Her passion for music took her to the stage of being one of the most recognized Latino singers in the United States. Her ability to sing in a sexy and charismatic way made her an idol of the American and Latin markets. Throughout her short life filled with success Quintanilla was a singer, song writer, record producer, and to add to those multiple talents she also dabbled in acting, making a cameo in a romantic comedy in the Johnny Deep Film ‘Don Juan de Marco’. She also danced at the stage making her performance more appealing to the audience. Included among other qualities she enjoyed to design her own clothes. Her unique way of designing her own bustier earned her the nickname of â€Å"The Mexican Madonna†(BD). Among her career successes as a singer vocalist it is obvious why she got so famous, she was hooked on music and her passion for it brought her success, music was in her heart. In 1982 the family band moves to Corpus Christi, Texas and the Tejano music flourishes making Quintanilla a Tejano music star. Her first album was â€Å"Ya Se Va†; the second album was â€Å"The New Girl in Town† in 1985; â€Å"Alpha† and â€Å"Munequito Ea Trapo† in 1986. Also in 1986 Quintanilla was discovered by two huge names in the tejano music industry, Rick Trevi, founder of The Tejano Music Award, and Johnny Canales, the host of one of the top Spanish television shows. She won the tejano music award for â€Å"female entertainer of the year† in year of 1987, and in the same year the â€Å"female vocalist of the year† and â€Å"performer of the year† honors at the annual Tejano music awards. Other awards follow, in the late 1980’s Quintanilla’s was known as â€Å"La Reina de la Honda Tejana† (â€Å"The Queen of Tejano Music†). Her popularity attracted her with annual awards and a contract EME Latin Records in 1989. The band attracted 11,041 people, more than Clint Black, George Straight, Vince Gil and Reba McIntyre. All of Quintanilla’s efforts pay of quickly. Her band reaches their popularity to the highest peak in 1993 with â€Å"Entre a mi Mundo† making Quintanilla the first tejana to sell more than 300,000 albums. In 1993 she signed with SBK Records to produce an all-English album, and eventually replaced with the bilingual â€Å"Dreaming of You†. The record â€Å"Dreaming of You† sold 175,000 copies on its first day of release, making its debut number one on billboard magazine pop chart. Also in 1993 Selena Live received a Grammy Award for best Mexican album (notable Hispanic American women). The song â€Å"Fotos y Recuerdos† reached the top ten on Billboard magazine’s Latino charts. By 1995, â€Å"Bidi Bidi Bon Bon† won the singer a song of the year award at The Tejano Music Award, making her the winner of an additional 5 more awards, including â€Å"Female Entertainer†, â€Å"best female vocalist†, album of the year, record of the year, and tejano crossover song. Quintanilla quoted, â€Å"Never in my dreams would I have thought I would become this big. I am still freaking out. †(notable Hispanic, 5) She was recipient for ten consecutive years of the â€Å"Best Vocalist† award. Quintanilla becomes a millionaire By the year of 1995 Selena Quintanilla had become an icon in the Hispanic community, a beloved figure to whom Mexican-Americans attached their aspirations and their feelings about their cultural identities. Her music crossed cultural boundaries touching the lives of young and old. She will be remembered in the years to come by her fans for her kindness, her positive attitude and the wonderful music she made. The American and Spanish speaking Western Hemisphere markets had been influenced by Quintanilla’s music were she took the Tejano music into new stylistic realms. Her death has perpetuated and immortalized her image for future generations. The queen of tejano will live forever in the people’s heart(SME). Quintanilla’s death shocked Latinos and non-Latin across the United States. She was cried by thousands of fans who rendered the ‘Queen of Tejano music’ the last goodbye in the Friday she died; this day will always be known as black Friday, March 31, 1995 (IP). Her body was displayed at the Bayfront Plaza in Corpus Christi. Two weeks after her death Governor George W. Bush declared Selena’s Day in Texas(biography based ). The violent death of Selena by Yolanda Saldivar, her fan club president, compares to the grief to the one experience by American people after the death of such major cultural figure as President John F. Kennedy. Quintanilla became immortalized after her death. In conclusion, Quintanilla influenced millions of people around her from young to old, including g me. Everyone has been able to know Quintanilla’s history and appreciate what she was as a person to her people. I understand what her family went through at the time of losing their Selena. I also recognize that as a human being she was like any other person with troubles and economic problems. I can related to her as a person now that I have learned as about her as a cultural icon. Sometimes we just have to go with the short but successful happy life. How to cite Selena Quintanilla a Gifted Icon, Papers

Role of Apra free essay sample

APRA was established following the Wallis Committee’s recommendation in 1 July 1998 under Australian Prudential Regulation Authority Act. In the amended Banking Act 1959(Cth), responsibility for the conduct of prudential supervision and depositor protection moves from the Reserve Bank to APRA. Its intention is to provide for a ‘more consistent, competitively neutral and efficient approach to the regulation of financial institutions, while enhancing overall depositor protection and financial system stability’1. This paper will thus find out about ARPA’s responsibilities related to banking in traditional sense of the term. First of all, a quick glance at ‘what is a bank’ should be made and it can come to surprise to find that the old Banking Act contained no definition of ‘bank’. The amended Act remedies this situation by providing more clearly the activities involved in the concept of banking business in Australia under s5 or an exemption in s7 and s112. Following this, all the references to banks have been changed to authorised deposit-taking institutions (ADIs) which is authorised by APRA under s9 of Banking Act. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Apra or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Basically, key characteristics of banking in short are taking money on deposit and lending. There is no doubt that the primary responsibility of APRA is prudential supervision of financial sector which is clearly pointed under s11B Banking Act with the term ‘prudential matters’ defined in s5(1). S11AF empowers APRA to issue prudential standards for banks and bank holding companies. It also revokes a licence (s9A), issues enforceable directions should Prudential Standards be breached (s11CA) or appoints an investigator (s13A) 3. In addition, S62 Banking Act empowers APRA to obtain any information from institutions and in cases of severe financial difficulty, APRA has the power to wind up the institution and distribute its assets. More importantly, in the ‘harmonised’ prudential standards released in 1999, a capital adequacy framework and risk management were created in respond to the trend of financial convergence. Capital adequacy framework covers all types of financial risks in a single calculation methodology to determine whether an ADI has sufficient reserves to withstand a reasonable array of adverse shocks. APS 110 sets out detailed capital requirements which apply on a stand-alone as well as consolidated group basic except foreign ADIs. APRA appraises the ADI’s financial strength at three levels to ensure that the ADI is adequately capitalised. These are level 1 comprising ADI itself or the ELE, level 2-consolidated banking group and level 3-the conglomerate group4. Furthermore, consistent with Basel Capital Accord, the approach used by APRA for assessing an ADI’s capital adequacy focuses on three main elements. The definition of ‘capital base’ and eligible components are set out in APS 111-capital adequacy. A bank’s risk weighted exposures are determined in accordance with requirements and procedures in APS 112 –credit risk and APS 113- market risk5. Banks are required, unless APRA set higher levels, to maintain at level 1 and 2 as a minimum risk-weighted capital ratio of 4 % in Tier 1 and 8% for total capital at all times. APRA assess and takes into account the general risks and other circumstances relevant for the individual ADI. A ‘capital buffer’ could be added by ADI if the ADI is judged as being vulnerable more than normal volatility in its revenues and risks. In considering the required capital ratio, APRA considers all material risks, both on and off-balance sheet. Credit risks are placed into four categories which are based on the risk of counterparty default and given individual weights of 0, 20, 50 or 100%6. Furthermore, APS150 was introduced to ensure there are no unanticipated large reductions in minimum capital requirements by applying transitional capital floors for ADIs using the advanced approaches when the Basel II Framework applies. If banks fail to comply with standards on capital adequacy, APRA has the power to compel compliance by issuing directions under 11CA Banking Act. Failure to comply with a direction is a criminal offence. Concerning risk management, APS 310 requires banks to provide annually to APRA a declaration from CEO, endorsed that the board and management have identified key risks facing the bank, including liquidity (APS 210), credit quality( APS 220), large exposure( APS 221), association with related entities (APS222), outsourcing( APS 231) and business continuity management ( APS 232). APS 220 established the responsibility of an ADI’s board of directors to ensure an effective credit risk management system. Verification of the adequacy of an institution’s policies and effectiveness of implementation is undertaken in on-site prudential reviews guided by Module 8 of the APRA‘s Supervision Framework. Moreover, banks are required to report to APRA quarterly on all exposure exceeding 10% of the bank capital base which is defined as ‘large exposure’ in APS 221. Banks specifically advise APRA immediately of any violation of the limits established under paragraph 9 of APS 221. For liquidity risk, APRA required banks pursuant to APS 210 to implement a liquidity management strategy (paragraph 4). An ADI exempted from scenario analysis under paragraph 9 will be required to maintain a minimum holding of 9% of its liabilities in specified high quality liquid assets at all times (paragraph 10). In respect of risks from non-bank activities, the restrictions on exposure limits to related parties are somewhat more lenient for related non-bank regulated entities (35 percent of level 1 capital) than for unrelated non-bank entities (25 percent of capital)7. Also, APRA undertakes detailed assessments of all significant acquisitions and new business lines proposed by banks under APS 222. Another vital responsibility of APRA is protection of depositors as depositor confidence is for the benefit of the bank and banking system. S11CA Banking Act gives APRA wide powers of direction over banks when necessary to ensure compliance with its prudential standards or to protect the interest of depositors. Likewise, Division 2 empowers APRA to intervene whenever a bank’s ability to repay its depositors is threatened. S13(3) Banking Act requires a bank to notify APRA immediately if it is likely to become unable to meet its obligations or suspend payment. APRA requires that every ADI (except foreign ADI) must hold assets other than goodwill which are adequate to meet its total Australia deposit liabilities under s13A(4). However, there is no provision in either the Banking Act or APRA’s constitution which requires it to guarantee depositors’ funds and depositors have no recourse to APRA. This means that in the event of bank failure it seems very unlikely that depositors could claim against APRA for any perceived failure of APRA to carry its statutory obligations. In my opinion, regarding to assessing institutional related risks, APRA should not only use standard statistical indicators as evidence but also acknowledge ethical matters. Moreover, according to International Monetary Fund 2006, APRA should apply standards for capital requirements which constitute best international practices, including some which will be introduced for those countries implementing the Basel II framework.